hepg2  (ATCC)

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Elevated diurnal CD36 expression disrupts the bile acid synthesis rhythm leading to cholestatic liver injury and inflammation via the HMGCR/CYP7A1 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101776

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hepatic CD36 was elevated in patients with PBC and PSC, and CD36 displayed abnormally robust diurnal expression in mice with cholestatic liver injury. (A) Schematic representation of the study design for the clinical and animal experiments. The figure was created via BioRender.com. (B) Representative images of liver tissue subjected to immunohistochemistry staining (IHC) for CD36 in normal controls (NCs), PBC patients, and PSC patients. Scale bars: 100 or 500 μm. (C) Western blotting analysis of CD36 expression in the livers of NC ( n = 11), PBC ( n = 5), and PSC ( n = 6) patients. (D) Relative quantification of CD36 protein expression in livers from NC ( n = 11), PBC ( n = 5), and PSC ( n = 6) patients. (E) mRNA expression levels of CD36 in the livers from NC ( n = 11), PBC ( n = 5), and PSC ( n = 6) patients. (F) Linear regression analysis of the correlations between hepatic CD36 mRNA expression and serum ALP, GGT, TBA, and TBIL levels. (G) mRNA expression levels of CD36 in the livers of SHAM and BDL mice ( n = 4 per time point per group) over a 24 h period. (H) Diurnal CD36 protein expression levels from Western blotting analysis of liver tissues from the SHAM and BDL mice ( n = 3 per time point per group). (I) Relative quantification of CD36 protein diurnal expression in liver tissues from the SHAM and BDL mice. (J) Double immunofluorescence staining for CD36 (green) and ALB (red) in the SHAM and BDL mice. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar: 100 μm. (K) Double immunofluorescence staining for CD36 (green) and CK19 (red) in the SHAM and BDL mice. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar: 100 μm. (L) Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis of CD36 mRNA levels in HepG2 and AML12 cells cultured for 6 h with cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and deoxycholic acid (DCA) at the indicated doses ( n = 6). All the data were presented as mean ± SEM. Group comparisons were performed via two-way ANOVA. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus the control group. ZT0 refers to the beginning of the subjective circadian period (6:00 a.m.). The black bars indicate the dark phase from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. PBC, primary biliary cholangitis; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; TBA, total bile acids; TBIL, total bilirubin; BDL, bile duct ligation; ALB, albumin; CD36, cluster of differentiation 36.

Article Snippet: HepG2 (ATCC, USA) and AML12 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (HyClone, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 100 U/mL penicillin‒streptomycin at 37 °C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemistry, Staining, Western Blot, Quantitative Proteomics, Double Immunofluorescence Staining, Reverse Transcription, Cell Culture, Control, Ligation

Journal: Tumour Virus Research

Article Title: PRMT5–mediated symmetric dimethylation of SHBs at Arg169 stabilizes SHBs and promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth

doi: 10.1016/j.tvr.2026.200340

Figure Lengend Snippet: SHBs is symmetrically dimethylated at arginine 169. (A–C) Huh7 and HepG2 cells were transfected with plasmids encoding SHBs–Strep–Flag or Strep–Flag control. Strep pull–down (IP:Strep) was performed, followed by Western blot (WB) with antibodies against (A) monomethylarginine (MMA), (B) asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), or (C) symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). SHBs in the IP fraction and SHBs/β–actin in input lysates are shown as controls. (D) Cells expressing SHBs–Strep–Flag were treated with adenosine dialdehyde (ADOX, 40 μM) for 36 h, followed by Strep pull–down and WB for SDMA and SHBs. Densitometric ratios (SDMA/IP–SHBs and SHBs/β–actin) are shown above/below the blots. (E) Huh7 cells were transfected with plasmids encoding SHBs–Strep–Flag or the indicated R→K mutants (R73K, R78K, R79K, R169K). SDMA on immunoprecipitated SHBs was assessed by Strep pull–down and WB; densitometric SDMA/IP–SHBs ratios are shown above the blots. (F–G) HepG2 cells were transfected with plasmids encoding SHBs–Strep–Flag or SHBs/R169K–Strep–Flag (F) and SHBs/R169A–Strep–Flag (G) and analyzed by Strep pull–down and WB as in (E).

Article Snippet: Human hepatoma cell lines HepG2 (ATCC, HB–8065) and Huh7 (JCRB, JCRB0403), endothelial cell line EA.hy926 (ATCC, CRL–2922TM), and HEK293T cells (ATCC, CRL–3216) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Cell Bank (JCRB, Japan).

Techniques: Transfection, Control, Western Blot, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation

Journal: Tumour Virus Research

Article Title: PRMT5–mediated symmetric dimethylation of SHBs at Arg169 stabilizes SHBs and promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth

doi: 10.1016/j.tvr.2026.200340

Figure Lengend Snippet: PRMT interacts with SHBs. (A) Huh7 cells were co–transfected with plasmids encoding SHBs–Strep–Flag (or Strep–Flag control) together with Flag–PRMT9. Strep pull–down was followed by WB with anti–Flag and anti–SHBs to assess co–precipitation. (B) Huh7 and HepG2 cells were co–transfected with plasmids encoding SHBs–Strep–Flag (or Strep–Flag control) together with Flag–PRMT5 and analyzed by Strep pull–down and WB as in (A). (C) Huh7 and HepG2 cells were co–transfected with plasmids encoding Strep–Flag–PRMT5 and SHBs–myc. Strep pull–down was performed and precipitates were immunoblotted for SHBs and Flag to validate the interaction. (D) Direct interaction between SHBs and PRMT5 was tested by GST pull–down. Purified GST or GST–PRMT5 (Coomassie–stained gel, left) was incubated with in vitro–translated SHBs–Flag, and bound SHBs was detected by WB using anti–Flag (right). (E) Confocal microscopy showing subcellular localization of SHBs (red) and PRMT5 (green) with nuclear DAPI staining (blue). Merged images and a representative line–scan fluorescence intensity profile (right) are shown.

Article Snippet: Human hepatoma cell lines HepG2 (ATCC, HB–8065) and Huh7 (JCRB, JCRB0403), endothelial cell line EA.hy926 (ATCC, CRL–2922TM), and HEK293T cells (ATCC, CRL–3216) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Cell Bank (JCRB, Japan).

Techniques: Transfection, Control, Purification, Staining, Incubation, In Vitro, Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence

Journal: Tumour Virus Research

Article Title: PRMT5–mediated symmetric dimethylation of SHBs at Arg169 stabilizes SHBs and promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth

doi: 10.1016/j.tvr.2026.200340

Figure Lengend Snippet: PRMT5 stabilizes SHBs protein expression in an Arg169–dependent manner. (A) Huh7 and HepG2 cells were co–transfected with plasmids encoding SHBs–Strep–Flag or SHBs/R169K–Strep–Flag together with increasing amounts of Flag–PRMT5 (0, 1, 3 μg). Whole–cell lysates were immunoblotted for SHBs, Flag, and β–actin; SHBs/β–actin ratios are shown above the blots. (B) Cells expressing SHBs–Strep–Flag or SHBs/R169K–Strep–Flag were transfected with NC or PRMT5 siRNAs (#1, #2). Lysates were immunoblotted for SHBs, PRMT5, and β–actin; SHBs/β–actin ratios are shown. (C–D) Cycloheximide (CHX) chase assays in (C) Huh7 and (D) HepG2 cells. Cells expressing SHBs or SHBs/R169K with vector or Flag–PRMT5 were treated with CHX for the indicated times (0–120 min), followed by WB for SHBs, Flag, and β–actin. Plots show relative SHBs levels normalized to time 0 with fitted linear regression (equations displayed). (E) HepG2 cells were co–transfected with plasmids encoding SHBs–Strep, HA–K48Ub, together with or without Flag–PRMT5, and treated with MG132 (20 μM) for 8 h, the ubiquitination levels of SHBs was evaluated via ubiquitination assay analysis. (F) HepG2 cells were co–transfected with plasmid encoding SHBs–Strep and TRIM21–myc (or control vector) and Flag–PRMT5 (or control vector), the cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using Strep–Tactin and analyzed by immunoblotting.

Article Snippet: Human hepatoma cell lines HepG2 (ATCC, HB–8065) and Huh7 (JCRB, JCRB0403), endothelial cell line EA.hy926 (ATCC, CRL–2922TM), and HEK293T cells (ATCC, CRL–3216) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Cell Bank (JCRB, Japan).

Techniques: Expressing, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Control, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot

Journal: Tumour Virus Research

Article Title: PRMT5–mediated symmetric dimethylation of SHBs at Arg169 stabilizes SHBs and promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth

doi: 10.1016/j.tvr.2026.200340

Figure Lengend Snippet: Arg169 symmetric dimethylation is required for SHBs–driven angiogenesis and tumor growth. (A) WB analysis of SHBs and BIP expression in stably transduced Huh7 and HepG2 cells (Vector, SHBs, and SHBs/R169K). (B) ELISA measurement of VEGFA levels in the supernatants of Huh7/HepG2–Vector, Huh7/HepG2–SHBs, or Huh7/HepG2–SHBs/R169K cells. (C) Endothelial tube formation assay. EA.hy926 cells were cultured with conditioned media (CM) from Huh7 or HepG2 stable lines (Vector, SHBs, SHBs/R169K). Representative images and quantification of mesh numbers are shown. (D) Transwell migration assay. EA.hy926 cells were assessed for migration in response to CM from the indicated stable lines. Representative images and quantification of migrated cell numbers per field are shown. (E) Representative images of excised subcutaneous xenograft tumors derived from Huh7–Vector, Huh7–SHBs, or Huh7–SHBs/R169K cells. (F) Tumor growth curves (tumor volume over time) for the indicated xenograft groups. (G) Tumor weights at endpoint. (H) Representative immunohistochemical staining of xenograft tumors for CD31 and SHBs, with quantification of microvessel density (MVD) based on CD31 staining. Data are presented as mean ± SD; ∗ P < 0.05 as indicated.

Article Snippet: Human hepatoma cell lines HepG2 (ATCC, HB–8065) and Huh7 (JCRB, JCRB0403), endothelial cell line EA.hy926 (ATCC, CRL–2922TM), and HEK293T cells (ATCC, CRL–3216) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Cell Bank (JCRB, Japan).

Techniques: Expressing, Stable Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Endothelial Tube Formation Assay, Cell Culture, Transwell Migration Assay, Migration, Derivative Assay, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining

Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Sangyod rice extract attenuates oleic acid–induced hepatic steatosis by modulating apoptotic, inflammatory, and lipid metabolic pathways

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100387

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sangyod rice extract demonstrated a reduction in cytotoxicity and ROS levels in OA-induced HepG2 cells. (A) Viability of HepG2 cells exposed to different concentrations of Sangyod rice extract. (B) Viability of Sangyod rice extract treatment after OA-induced HepG2 cells. (C) ROS generation in OA-induced HepG2 cells. Results are presented as the mean ± SEM from four independent biological experiments ( n = 4). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey ' s post hoc test was used to determine statistical significance. * p < 0.05 compared to the control group, and # p < 0.05 compared to the OA group. Groups: Control (0.1% DMSO); OA (0.4 mM), oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells without treatment; SR 10, OA-induced HepG2 cells +10 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 50, OA-induced HepG2 cells +50 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 100, OA-induced HepG2 cells +100 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract.

Article Snippet: The HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was procured from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and nurtured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), and 1% l -glutamine (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Sangyod rice extract attenuates oleic acid–induced hepatic steatosis by modulating apoptotic, inflammatory, and lipid metabolic pathways

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100387

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sangyod rice extract inhibited apoptosis in OA-induced HepG2 cells by suppressing the Bax and caspase-3 pathway. (A) Representative images of nuclei stained with Hoechst 33342. Images shown at ×20 magnification. Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) Percentage of apoptotic cells after treatment with Sangyod rice extract in OA-induced HepG2 cells. (C) Western blot analysis of Bax, Bcl-2, procaspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3. (D) Relative expression of Bax and Bcl-2. (E) Relative expression of procaspase 3, and cleaved caspase 3. Results are presented as the mean ± SEM from four independent biological experiments ( n = 4). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey ' s post hoc test was used to determine statistical significance. *p < 0.05 compared to the control group, and #p < 0.05 compared to the OA group. Groups: Control (0.1% DMSO); OA (0.4 mM), oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells without treatment; SR 10, OA-induced HepG2 cells +10 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 50, OA-induced HepG2 cells +50 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 100, OA-induced HepG2 cells +100 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract.

Article Snippet: The HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was procured from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and nurtured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), and 1% l -glutamine (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Staining, Western Blot, Expressing, Control

Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Sangyod rice extract attenuates oleic acid–induced hepatic steatosis by modulating apoptotic, inflammatory, and lipid metabolic pathways

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100387

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sangyod rice extract attenuated inflammation in OA-induced HepG2 cells through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. (A) TNF-α gene, (B) IL-1β gene, (C) IL-6 gene, (D) IL-10 gene. (E) Western blot analysis of NF-κB. (F) Relative expression of NF-κB protein. Results are presented as the mean ± SEM from four independent biological experiments (n = 4). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey ' s post hoc test was used to determine statistical significance. *p < 0.05 indicates significance compared to the control group, while #p < 0.05 denotes significance compared to the OA group. Groups: Control (0.1% DMSO); OA (0.4 mM), oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells without treatment; SR 10, OA-induced HepG2 cells +10 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 50, OA-induced HepG2 cells +50 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 100, OA-induced HepG2 cells +100 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract.

Article Snippet: The HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was procured from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and nurtured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), and 1% l -glutamine (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Inhibition, Western Blot, Expressing, Control

Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Sangyod rice extract attenuates oleic acid–induced hepatic steatosis by modulating apoptotic, inflammatory, and lipid metabolic pathways

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100387

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sangyod rice extract reduced lipid accumulation in OA-induced HepG2 cells. (A) Oil Red O staining was conducted on HepG2 cells, with red fat droplets indicating lipid accumulation. Images shown at ×20 magnification. Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) Percentage of lipid accumulation post Oil Red O extraction. (C) Levels of TG were measured using an assay kit. The data is displayed as mean ± SEM from four independent biological experiments (n = 4). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey ' s post hoc test was used to determine statistical significance. *p < 0.05 indicates significance compared to the control group, while #p < 0.05 denotes significance compared to the OA group. Groups: Control (0.1% DMSO); OA (0.4 mM), oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells without treatment; SR 10, OA-induced HepG2 cells +10 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 50, OA-induced HepG2 cells +50 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 100, OA-induced HepG2 cells +100 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract.

Article Snippet: The HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was procured from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and nurtured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), and 1% l -glutamine (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Staining, Extraction, Control

Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Sangyod rice extract attenuates oleic acid–induced hepatic steatosis by modulating apoptotic, inflammatory, and lipid metabolic pathways

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100387

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Sangyod rice extract on lipid metabolism in OA-induced HepG2 cells. (A) SREBP-1c gene (B) ACC gene, (C) FASN gene (D) CPT-1 A gene, (E) SCD1 gene, (F) MTTP gene. The data is displayed as mean ± SEM from four independent biological experiments (n = 4). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey ' s post hoc test was used to determine statistical significance. *p < 0.05 indicates significance compared to the control group, while #p < 0.05 denotes significance compared to the OA group. Groups: Control (0.1% DMSO); OA (0.4 mM), oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells without treatment; SR 10, OA-induced HepG2 cells +10 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 50, OA-induced HepG2 cells +50 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 100, OA-induced HepG2 cells +100 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract.

Article Snippet: The HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was procured from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and nurtured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), and 1% l -glutamine (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Sangyod rice extract attenuates oleic acid–induced hepatic steatosis by modulating apoptotic, inflammatory, and lipid metabolic pathways

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100387

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Sangyod rice extract on the expression of LPL-1, LPL-2, PGC-1α and PPARα in OA-induced HepG2 cells. (A) LPL-1 gene (B) LPL-2 gene, (C) PPARα gene (D) PGC-1α gene. The data is displayed as mean ± SEM from four independent biological experiments (n = 4). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey ' s post hoc test was used to determine statistical significance. *p < 0.05 indicates significance compared to the control group, while #p < 0.05 denotes significance compared to the OA group. Groups: Control (0.1% DMSO); OA (0.4 mM), oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells without treatment; SR 10, OA-induced HepG2 cells +10 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 50, OA-induced HepG2 cells +50 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 100, OA-induced HepG2 cells +100 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract.

Article Snippet: The HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was procured from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and nurtured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), and 1% l -glutamine (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Control

Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Sangyod rice extract attenuates oleic acid–induced hepatic steatosis by modulating apoptotic, inflammatory, and lipid metabolic pathways

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100387

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sangyod rice extract regulates lipid metabolism through the Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. (A) Western blot analysis of Akt, ERK1/2 amd p38 MAPK, (B) Relative expression of pERK/ERK protein, (C) Relative expression of p-p38/p38 protein, (D) Relative expression of pAkt/Akt protein. The data is displayed as mean ± SEM from four independent biological experiments (n = 4). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey ' s post hoc test was used to determine statistical significance. *p < 0.05 indicates significance compared to the control group, while #p < 0.05 denotes significance compared to the OA group. Groups: Control (0.1% DMSO); OA (0.4 mM), oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells without treatment; SR 10, OA-induced HepG2 cells +10 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 50, OA-induced HepG2 cells +50 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract; SR 100, OA-induced HepG2 cells +100 μg/mL Sangyod rice extract.

Article Snippet: The HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was procured from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and nurtured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), and 1% l -glutamine (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Western Blot, Expressing, Control